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Biographies of famous peopleБиографии знаменитых, известных людей на английском языке
QUEEN ELIZABETH I (1533-1603)  The reign of Queen Elizabeth I is often referred to as The Golden Age of English history. Elizabeth was an immensely popular Queen, and her popularity has waned little with the passing of four hundred years. She is still one of the best loved monarchs, and one of the most admired rulers of all time. She became a legend in her own lifetime, famed for her remarkable abilities and achievements. Yet, about Elizabeth the woman, we know very little. She is an enigma, and was an enigma to her own people. Elizabeth was the daughter of King Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. She was born on 7 September 1533 at Greenwich Palace. Her birth was possibly the greatest disappointment of her father's life. He had wanted a son and heir to succeed him as he already had a daughter, Mary, by his first wife, Katherine of Aragon. He had not divorced Katherine, and changed the religion of the country in the process, to have only another daughter. Elizabeth's early life was consequently troubled. Her mother failed to provide the King with a son and was executed on false charges of incest and adultery on 19 May 1536. Anne's marriage to the King was declared null and void, and Elizabeth, like her half-sister, Mary, was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the line of succession. The next eight years of Elizabeth's life saw a quick succession of stepmothers. There was Jane Seymour who died giving birth to the King's longed for son, Edward; Anne of Cleves who was divorced; Catherine Howard who was beheaded; and finally Catherine Parr. For generations, historians have debated whether the constant bride changing of her father was responsible for Elizabeth's apparent refusal to marry. It is certainly possible that the tragic fates of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard impressed upon her a certain fear of marriage, but there may have been other reasons for the Queen's single state, such as a fear of childbirth, which claimed the lives of a significant number of women in this period. Even if the Queen had no personal reservations about marriage, there were political problems with almost every contender for her hand. Religion was a major divisive issue, and there was also the problem of whether Elizabeth would have to relinquish any of her royal powers to a husband in an age when the political sphere was exclusively male. As a child, Elizabeth was given a very impressive education. It had become popular amongst the nobility to educate daughters as well as sons and Elizabeth excelled at her studies. She was taught by famous scholars such as William Grindal and Roger Ascham, and from an early age it was clear that she was remarkably gifted. She had an especial flare for languages, and by adulthood, she could reputedly speak five languages fluently. Elizabeth's adolescence was no easier than her childhood. While the King lived, she was safe from political opportunists, but when he died in the January of 1547, and his young son became King Edward VI, she was vulnerable to those who saw her as a political pawn. Despite being officially illegitimate, Henry had reinstated his daughters in the line of succession. Mary was to follow Edward, and Elizabeth was to follow Mary. This meant that Elizabeth was now second in line to the throne. Edward was too young to rule himself as he was only nine years old, so his uncle, Edward Seymour, became Protector of England. His younger brother, Thomas Seymour, was jealous of his position and attempted to overthrow him. His scheme, which involved an attempted kidnapping of the Boy King, cost him his life. He had made no secret of his desire to marry Elizabeth (in Tudor times a girl was considered of marriageable age at twelve) so she was implicated in his plot. It was treason for an heir to the throne to marry without the consent of the King and his Council, and at only fifteen years of age, Elizabeth had to persuade her interrogators that she knew nothing of the plot and had not consented to marry the King's uncle. She succeeded in defending her innocence, but rumours of an illicit affair with Seymour, all the more scandalous because he had been married to her last step-mother, Katherine Parr, (before she died in childbirth), plagued her long afterwards. Elizabeth again found herself implicated in treason after the Wyatt rebellion of 1554. Edward had died in the summer of 1553 from prolonged ill health, and Elizabeth's half-sister, Mary, was now Queen Mary I of England after a brief fight for the throne against the scheme of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, to make his daughter in law, Jane Grey, queen. Mary was not a particularly popular monarch, and was suspicious of her Protestant half-sister. It was thus not difficult to persuade her that Elizabeth may have been conspiring with Thomas Wyatt and his men to seize the throne. Whether or not the rebellion was to make Elizabeth queen is uncertain, and it is also unknown whether Elizabeth had any knowledge of the conspirators plans. Even if she did have knowledge of them, there is no evidence that she approved of the actions of Wyatt and his followers. Elizabeth said she was innocent of the accusations made against her, but she was still arrested and sent to the Tower of London as a prisoner. Many of those surrounding the Queen would have liked Elizabeth to have been executed, but there was no evidence against her and she was popular with the people. Elizabeth was kept a captive at the Tower for two months and then removed to Woodstock Manor in Oxfordshire, where she was kept a prisoner for a year. The house itself was uninhabitable so she had to be lodged in the gatehouse with her servants. It was only at the behest of the Queen's husband, Philip of Spain, that she was allowed to return to her childhood home of Hatfield in Hertfordshire. Philip was aware of the Queen's poor health and wanted to gain the friendship of Elizabeth to ensure peaceable relations between England and Spain should his wife die and Elizabeth succeed to the throne. Elizabeth finally succeed to the throne on 17th November 1558. It was a moment of supreme triumph for the unwanted daughter who had spent her life in the shadow of the court, cast aside and forgotten. The years following the death of her father had called for sobriety and caution, but now that she was Queen, Elizabeth was determined to enjoy her new found freedom and live life to the full. She loved all kinds of sports, especially horse riding, and in the early years of her reign spent many an hour riding. She also loved hunting, hawking, bear baiting, and watching the male courtiers excel at jousts or other sporting contests. She loved music and dancing, pageantry and masques, and could even play the virginals and the lute herself with skill. She had no time for the Puritan theologians who deemed such things impious. She also loved watching plays and created the atmosphere responsible for the flourishing of the literary masterpieces of the period against the Puritan demands for the closure of all theatres and playhouses. Королева Елизавета I (1533-1603)Английская королева (1558-1603), последняя представительница династии Тюдоров. Елизавета I, английская королева, правление которой называют «золотым веком» Англии, родилась 7 сентября 1533 года в королевском дворце в Гринвиче, у короля Генриха VIII и его второй жены Анны Болейн. Девочку назвали в честь матери Генриха VIII. Кроме того, Елизавете даровали титул принцессы Уэльской (наследницы престола), отобрав его у старшей, сводной сестры Марии от первой жены короля, с которой тот развёлся. Марию же, не желавшую отречься от католической веры матери в пользу новой протестантской веры отца, признали бастардом и заставили прислуживать маленькой сестре. Впрочем, уже через два года Елизавета тоже была признана бастардом – её мать, Анна Болейн, погибла на плахе, а у короля появилась новая жена. Всего у Генриха VIII было шесть жён – с двумя развёлся, две умерли на плахе, одна от родов. Генриху VIII наследовал сын от третьей жены, Эдуард VI. Елизавету с братом связывали самые тёплые отношения, но юноша был очень болезненным и в 16 лет скончался от туберкулёза. Попытки некоторых придворных возвести на трон его кузину и невесту Джейн Грей не увенчались успехом. На трон вступила старшая сестра Елизаветы – Мария, прозванная Кровавой за гонения на протестантов. Над Елизаветой нависли тучи: её кузина Джейн Грей, «королева нескольких дней» впутанная в заговор родственниками, была казнена. Елизавета старалась жить тихо, но подозрительная сестра всё-таки заключила её на некоторое время в Тауэр. Однако под конец жизни Марии, умиравшей бездетной, вокруг Елизаветы появляется всё больше сторонников, ожидавших её воцарения. В 1558 году Елизавета в возрасте 25 лет стала королевой. Народ обожал молодую королеву, вернувшую протестантскую веру в страну (впрочем, она мудро разрешила католикам посещать мессу). С помощью мудрых советников, особенно Уильяма Сесила, Елизавета проводила активную экономическую политику, ведущую к процветанию промышленности и торговли. В годы правления Елизаветы Англия стала великой морской державой. Королева поощряла не только строительство флота, но и удачливых моряков и пиратов, грабивших корабли испанцев – врагов Англии. Победа же английского флота над испанской Великой Армадой сломила морскую мощь Испании и ознаменовала переход лидерства на морях в руки Англии. В политической жизни страны продолжал укрепляться абсолютизм. Елизавета так и не вышла замуж, оставшись «королевой-девственницей» (по крайней мере, официально), хотя руки её добивались многие принцы и монархи, в том числе и Иван Грозный. Она была абсолютной монархиней, хотя пришлось выдержать непростую борьбу с Марией Стюарт. Шотландская королева была кузиной Елизаветы, у них был общий дед – Генрих VII. Однако Мария полагала себя наследницей, а Елизавету, дочь Анны Болейн — «бастардом», что на фоне англо-шотландских войн и противоречий было серьёзной проблемой. Из этой борьбы победительницей вышла Елизавета, пленившая соперницу. Мария Стюарт погибла на плахе. Но именно сын Марии Стюарт наследовал Елизавете — у неё не было детей, и она передала трон двоюродному племяннику Джеймсу (Якову I), который наконец-то смог объединить под единым скипетром Англию и Шотландию. В последние годы из-за гибели близких друзей здоровье королевы было весьма подорвано. В феврале 1603 года она впала в глубокую депрессию, меланхолию. 24 марта 1603 года Елизавета I умерла во дворце Ричмонд, её похоронили в Вестминстерском аббатстве. SourceBiographies of famous peopleБиографии знаменитых, известных людей на английском языке |
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